Ithaca, N. K32 Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, N38 McCoy, Alfred W. Southeast Asia under Japanese occupation. Marr, David G. Vietnamese anticolonialism , Berkeley, University of California Press, A5 M Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the early modern era: trade, power and belief. S68 Rizal, Jose. The lost Eden: Noli me tangere , translated by Leon Ma. New York: Norton, PQ R5 N The origin of Malay nationalism. R6 Tarling, Nicholas.
Nationalism in Southeast Asia: if the people are with us. London; New York: Routledge Curzon, T37 T Von der Mehden, Fred R. South-East Asia, ; the legacy of colonialism and nationalism. New York, Norton []. V66 Wessel, Ingrid ed. N37 Winichakul, Thongchai. Siam mapped: a history of the geo-body of a nation.
Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, c T47 It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Portugal also had a colony in the region but had the least impact. All colonized countries in Southeast Asia became independent by Britain governed the Malay Peninsula as the Straits Settlements until General Bibliographies Hicks, George L. Bibliography of Malay and Arabic Periodicals published in the Straits Settlements and peninsular Malay states ; with an annotated union list of holdings in Malaysia, Singapore Tregonning, Kennedy G.
Indexes Sternstein, Larry and Carl Springer. Periodicals Journal of the Burma Research Society. Malaya Daniel, Padma. Clark, [Reprint : ] Tiamson, Alfredo T. Vietnam Jumper, Roy.
B34 Christie, Clive J. C Engelbert, Thomas and Andreas Schneider ed. E86 Christie, Clive J. C Connors, Michael Kelly. C Emerson, Rupert. E5 a Go, Julian and Anne L. In many cases, as in Indonesia and French Indochina, these nationalists had been guerrillas fighting the Japanese after European surrenders, or were former members of colonial military establishments.
These independence movements often appealed to the United States Government for support. While the United States generally supported the concept of national self-determination, it also had strong ties to its European allies, who had imperial claims on their former colonies. The Cold War only served to complicate the U. Several of the NATO allies asserted that their colonial possessions provided them with economic and military strength that would otherwise be lost to the alliance.
Although the U. Government did not force the issue, it encouraged the European imperial powers to negotiate an early withdrawal from their overseas colonies.
The United States granted independence to the Philippines in This might serve to shift the international balance of power in favor of the Soviet Union and remove access to economic resources from U. Britain and Russia agreed without consulting the Persian government that they would split the revenues from Persian customs, fisheries, and other industries to amortize the debts.
Persia never became a formal colony, but it temporarily lost control of its revenue stream and much of its territory—a source of bitterness to this day.
Several other Asian countries escaped formal colonization by European powers. However, the Gurkhas fought so well and the land was so rugged that the British decided to leave Nepal alone as a buffer state for British India. The British also began to recruit Gurkhas for their colonial army. Another Himalayan kingdom, Bhutan also faced invasion by the British East India Company but managed to retain its sovereignty.
The British sent a force into Bhutan from to and seized some territory, but in a peace treaty, they relinquished the land in return for a tribute of five horses and the right to harvest timber on Bhutanese soil.
Bhutan and Britain regularly squabbled over their borders until , when the British pulled out of India, but Bhutan's sovereignty was never seriously threatened. This nation was a tributary state under Qing Chinese protection until , when Japan seized it in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War. Japan formally colonized Korea in , foreclosing that option for the European powers.
Mongolia also was a tributary of the Qing. After the Last Emperor fell in , Mongolia was independent for some time, but it fell under Soviet domination from to as the Mongolian People's Republic. As the Ottoman Empire gradually weakened and then fell, its territories in the Middle East became British or French protectorates. They were nominally autonomous, and had local rulers, but depended on the European powers for military defense and foreign relations. Bahrain and what is now the United Arab Emirates became British protectorates in Oman joined them in , as did Kuwait in and Qatar in France got mandatory power over Syria and Lebanon.
None of these territories was a formal colony, but they were also far from sovereign. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. While knowledge of the past is gathered in the service of power, it also generates respect for and pride in Southeast Asian cultures, and becomes an important source of inspiration for local artists in the twentieth century who strive to create modern, non-Western arts.
Many traditions continue to thrive in the nineteenth century. Religious imagery tends to be conservative and relatively immune to Westernization. Many indigenous courts patronize a high level of craftsmanship in textiles, metalwork, jewelry, and ceramics. Manuscript paintings remain largely traditional, though some reveal European influences and resemble the Company School paintings of India.
During the early nineteenth century, China is a dominant cultural influence in mainland Southeast Asia. However, elite culture becomes increasingly Westernized as colonial powers expand their control. In Burma, for instance, European pictorial conventions dominate the frescoes at the Kyauk-Taw-Gyi Temple —50 , while the Altumashi Monastery in Mandalay mixes European and indigenous architectural structures and motifs.
The Javanese painter Raden Saleh ca. Western art makes an impression much later in Vietnam, beginning with a few painters like Le Van Mien — , who work in oils in the late nineteenth century. The architecture of King Mongkut r.
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